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york空调故障代码j7(约克空调故障代码j1)

前沿拓展：

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指导老师|肖珺

翻译|曹学燕 审核|张驰

1.What is a “knowledge labor”？

何为“知识劳工”？

Knowledge of knowledge itself is an important source of productivity. Castells said in The rise of Network society. With the development of information capitalization, a new model of work is emerging—knowledge labor.

卡斯特在《网络社会的崛起》一书中谈到，知识（本身）的知识是生产力的重要来源。随着信息资本主义的发展，一种新的工作模式也在逐渐兴起——知识劳工。

The knowledge labor working hours are more flexible and free, the workplace is no longer fixed, spreading to globalization, and the most important point is that knowledge labor provides immaterial labor.

知识劳工的工作时间更加灵活和自由，工作地点不再被限制、趋于全球化。而且最重要的一点在于知识劳工提供非物质劳动。

表1：丹·席勒对于知识劳工的四种划分

In how to think about information, Dan Schiller combines knowledge labors with pay and markets, and pides them into four categories through different pay and market conditions.

丹·席勒在《如何思考信息》一书中将知识劳工与工资和市场结合在一起，通过不同的工资以及市场情况，将其分为四种。

The knowledge labors of the network era have more types on this basis: net-worker, flex-timer, permatemp, precariat, crowdsourcing, etc.

网络时代的知识劳工在此基础上有着更多的类型：网络工作者，弹性上班人员，长期短工，游移工人，众包等。

The changes Network brings are not only formalistic, it even makes a part of knowledge labors’ working demands from money to a self-fulfilling spiritual happiness, they pay more attention to share and disseminate.

网络带来的改变并没有只流于形式，它甚至于让一些知识劳工的工作诉求从金钱转向了一种自我满足的精神幸福，知识劳工们更加注重劳动成果的分享和传播。

2.The development of YYeTs

人人影视字幕组的前世今生

Subtitle group refers to the non-profit organizations that subtitle translation and production of overseas film and TV dramas by means of network and digital technology, and disseminate them through Internet means.

字幕组是指借助网络和数字技术手段，对海外影视剧进行字幕翻译和制作，并将其通过互联网手段传播出去的非盈利组织。

With the development of Internet technology, the transmission of film and television resources has become more convenient, and people's demand for the localization of other countries' film and television resources has increased, so the subtitle group has grown up on this basis.

随着互联网技术的发展，影视资源的传输变得更为便捷，人们对于别国影视资源的本土化需求增大，字幕组就在此基础上成长起来。

YYeTs originated from the domestic film and television resources BBS -- "YY film and music leisure center" BBS bbs.zingking.com.

人人影视起源于国内影视资源论坛——“YY影音休闲中心”的论坛bbs.zingking.com。

In 2003, a few Canadian students who are interested in American TV drama, wanted to translate for domestic users to watch, they established the YYeTs, and began to translate "24," "lost"， "alias", "Battlestar Galactica" and so on, making the domestic Internet users really come into contact with the American TV drama.

2003年，几位加拿大留学生对美剧很感兴趣，想翻译出来给国内网友观看，就成立了YYeTs，并且开始翻译《24小时》《迷失》《双面女间谍》《太空堡垒卡拉迪迦》等剧，使得国内网友真正接触到美剧这一剧种。

The New York times, which first focused on subtitles, called them "people who break cultural barriers."

最早关注字幕组的《纽约时报》称他们为：“打破文化屏障的人。”

Then, YYeTs experienced its heyday, decline and regression.

随后，人人影视字幕组经历了鼎盛，衰落与回归。

3.Web-based volunteer based on interest.

基于兴趣的网络义工

Not all knowledge labors strive for a material return, and the group members of the title group are gathering due to interest, gaining emotional satisfaction in the course of free labor, and rewarding them as a return.

并不是所有的知识劳工都仅为物质回报而努力，字幕组成员们因兴趣聚集在一起，在免费劳动的过程中获得精神满足感，并将其作为回报。

（1）Professional members

专业人员

For translators, CET6 is the minimum threshold, which is mainly to guarantee the quality of translation.

字幕组对于成员的语言和技术能力要求严格，对于翻译人员来说，CET6只是最低门槛，这主要是为了保证翻译内容的质量。

Taking YYeTs open class as an example, it requires not only the ability to translate, but also the higher professional knowledge and localization ability of translators.

以YYeTs公开课为例，不仅是翻译能力，同时对于翻译人员的专业知识和本土化能力都有较高的要求。

However, there is no reward for such high-intensity work. Therefore, the participants themselves have great love and interest in the TV series, and are willing to provide free labor for the subtitle group.

但这样高强度工作的背后是没有报酬的，因此参与者大都本身对影视剧集抱着极大的热爱和兴趣，才愿意为字幕组提供无偿的劳动。

（2）Flexible working hours and space

弹性的工作时间与空间

The development of network technology is free from the limitation of time and space, making remote work possible.

网络技术的发展摆脱了时空的限制，使远程工作成为可能。

Members of the subtitle group are enthusiasts from all over the world, working together with the help of network technology when there is a task. For subtitle group members, a computer and a smooth network is enough.

字幕组的成员是来自世界各地的爱好者，在有任务的时候借助网络技术进行协同工作。对于字幕组成员来说，一台电脑和畅通的网络就已足够。

At the same time, the subtitle group also follows the "0 day principle", and everyone's film subtitle group has made timely demands on the working time in order to cope with the competition from other subtitle groups.

与此同时，字幕组还奉行着“0天原则”，人人影视字幕组为了应对来自其他字幕组的竞争，对于工作时间提出了及时性的要求。

Like a crowdsourcing the whole work mode, through the Internet to control, volunteers who have professional skills and knowledge, the use spare time in the prescribed time limit to complete subtitle group tasks.

整个工作模式像是一种众包，通过互联网来控制、组织那些拥有专业技能和知识的志愿者，利用业余时间在规定时限中来完成字幕组的任务。

（3）Redefine the value of labor.

重新定义劳动价值

The spirit and purpose of the subtitle group is to free, share, exchange and learn, not to make commercial profits with the things produced.

字幕组的精神和宗旨是免费、共享、交流、学习，不以制作的东西进行商业盈利。

No names, no identity, subtitle group is the very essence of the members of the tag lovers, starting from the translation, subtitle groups provide more possibilities for cross-cultural communication and zero cost sharing model.

不问姓名，不问身份，字幕组的成员最本质的标签是爱好者，从翻译开始，字幕组为跨文化传播和零成本的共享化模式提供了更多的可能。

The value of labor is no longer simply money, but a share of the same people, an international cultural exchange. Although YYeTs has been hit by its copyright problem, as netizens commented, "Without subtitle groups, we will lose an important channel to communicate directly with the world.”

劳动价值不再是简单的金钱，而是一种同好者的分享，一种国际间文化的交流。虽然人人影视字幕组因为其版权原因受到打击，但正如网友评论说：“如果没有字幕组，我们将丧失一个直接与世界沟通的重要渠道。”

4.The capitalist exploitation behind crowdsourcing.

众包背后的资本主义剥削

With the arrival of information capitalism, more and more online volunteers are the same as subtitle groups. People who are optimistic about their future earnings are more willing to work for their spiritual satisfaction.

随着信息资本主义的到来，与字幕组相类似的网络义工越来越多。对于未来收入有着乐观预期的人们，更加愿意为自己的精神满足而进行劳动。

The existence of many network volunteers also feeds the development of information capital society.

众多网络义工的存在同时反哺了信息资本社会的发展。

But as professor Chien-san Feng to this question: The development of information technology provides opportunities for the volunteer knowledge labors, but in this process if the producers will gain experience, or eventually falling into the exploited behind the capital appreciation.

但是正如冯建三教授对此提出的疑问：信息技术的发展，给这种志愿的知识劳工提供了生长的机会，但这究竟会让生产者获得经验，还是最终滑向资本增值背后的被剥削。

注：文中未详细注明来源的图片来自互联网可被允许使用的作品

参考文献：

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